“There may be some racial effect that is not being uncovered because they don’t have the dog bites.”. A report by retired federal and state judges tasked by the San Francisco district … During that time, about 67,000 officers were assaulted while on the job, with an estimated 18,600 receiving medical treatment for injury, and 48 were killed, according to the paper. Pete Eyre is co-founder of CopBlock.org. Many of the stats speak directly to the culture that exists today in policing, a system that suffers from server perverse incentives since it is an artificial monopoly. Influencing Factors for Police Brutality. Ulysses Wilkerson. Black adults are about five times as likely as whites to say they’ve been unfairly … “This is a very old problem that we have been trying to solve since the Civil War, through the civil rights movement, the riots of the 1960s, the Rodney King riot,” said Ted Miller, principal research scientist at the Pacific Institute for Research. As an advocate of peaceful, consensual interactions, he seeks to inject a message of complete liberty and self-government into the conversation of police accountability. In the United States, use of deadly force by police has been a high-profile and contentious issue. One caption near the bottom says: “79% of police feel that reports in the news media have caused the public to distrust law enforcement” – that level of distrust is earned. He spent time in New Hampshire home, and was involved with Free Keene, the Free State Project and The Daily Decrypt. “That’s a valuable contribution when we’re still struggling to understand the racial dynamics of policing,” Stoughton said, but he added that the finding shouldn’t necessarily be seen as conclusive. Turning a blind-eye to an overly-aggressive and heavy-handed colleague is the norm. It will be as balanced and unbiased as possible. S.C. Law Enforcement Division. Experts not involved in the paper have praised the approach of creating such a data cocktail but also questioned its findings. Types of police brutality range from assault and battery to torture and murder. E.J. To complete your CNN profile and ensure you are able to receive important account information, please verify your email address. Low Psychological Evaluative Standards Leads to Higher Rates of Police Brutality. Updated In May, the Washington Post analyzed the 385 fatal police shootings in the United States that had occurred so far in 2015. And that’s not surprising – police employees are sheltered from competition and any real mechanism of accountability (just check out the last data-point to see how responsive Chicago PD has been), save for withdrawing your consent. “If there’s something similar in policing, there might be a disparity,” Stoughton said. Bradford. It examines the nature and frequency of residents' contact with police by residents' demographic characteristics, types of contact, perceptions of police behaviors, and police threats or use of nonfatal force. The statistics here cover a variety of topics, from 8th grade reading proficiency to police brutality, and come from agencies like the US Census Bureau and Bureau of Justice Statistics. “That would be interesting to track that, because there is some research from a number of years ago that reported black suspects were much more likely to be bitten by police dogs,” Klinger said. A provocative new study finds racial bias in police stops, but not police violence. If the lamestream media didn’t default to giving a free pass to aggressors who wear a badge that number would likely be closer to 100% Just think of how most news outlets back off from asking tough questions or posting personal information when the accused aggressor wears a badge. The new paper included data only on traffic stops that resulted in a search, he added. Chikesia Clemons. American Police are not systematically engaged in racially biased shootings. Rarest Ww2 Us Army Mp Police Visor Hat -exclusivaly Made For Nurnberg Trial,1946$25000.0, Palestine Jewish Settlement Police/notrim Troko Tropical Military Hat 1930s-40s$1599.0, Palestine Police Force Kolpak Wool Hat In Mint Condition 1947, By Goldstein Ltd$1599.0, Vintage 1910 Wabash Railway Co Railroad Patrolman Police Freight Yard Hat Badge$745.0, Occupational Police Officer In Top Hat Philadelphia 1/6 Plate Daguerreotype E985$745.0. Find the full piece here: The Truth Behind Racial Disparities in Fatal Police … Russian Soviet Uniforms Of 1947 Police. PHOTO: Blacks and Latinos are more likely to be stopped, just as likely to be harmed as whites, Police-involved violence and racial disparities are difficult to study, scientists say, Expert: "There's nothing simple about policing and nothing simple about race relations". Mapping Police Violence is a research collaborative collecting comprehensive data on police killings nationwide to quantify the impact of police violence in communities. Related Article  НКВД $880.0. Sexual Assault. “The fact is, there’s nothing simple about policing and nothing simple about race relations.”. Black and blue: Double despair for African-American police, As a Los Angeles Times headline put it, “Blacks are more likely to be killed by police, but that’s because they’re more likely to be stopped, study says.”. Between 2008 and 2012, citizens "filed hundreds of complaints alleging brutality, bias and civil rights violations by officers in more … If an account exists, we've sent an email with a link to reset your password. Broader definitions include harassment and verbal abuse. This is why, CopBlock.org Long Sleeved T-Shirts (S – XL), CopBlock.org Long Sleeved T-Shirts (2XL – 3XL), National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Rarest Ww2 Us Army Mp Police Visor Hat -exclusivaly Made For Nurnberg Trial,1946, Palestine Jewish Settlement Police/notrim Troko Tropical Military Hat 1930s-40s, Palestine Police Force Kolpak Wool Hat In Mint Condition 1947, By Goldstein Ltd, Vintage 1910 Wabash Railway Co Railroad Patrolman Police Freight Yard Hat Badge, Occupational Police Officer In Top Hat Philadelphia 1/6 Plate Daguerreotype E985, Rochester, N.Y. Mayor Thomas Richards admits he Does Not Care about Rochester Police violating Citizen’s Civil Rights, if they Don’t have a Bell, or a Light, on their Bicycle. All in all, the authors have done the best they can on the limitations of the data that exist, said Alex Piquero, the Ashbel Smith professor of criminology at the University of Texas at Dallas. PHOTO: However, when it comes to a scientific look at such police actions, the data seem to be lacking. A whopping 99 percent of all complaints regarding police brutality are left uninvestigated in central New Jersey, according to a Courier News and Home News Tribune report published this week. Police officers patrol during a protest in support of the Black Lives Matter movement in New York on July 09, 2016. Authorities in South Carolina released on April 9, 2015, dash cam video in connection with the fatal shooting of Walter Scott, but the footage does not show the actual shooting. But, Stoughton pointed out, by having medical data available only for people who suffered injuries during interactions with officers, the paper offers a view of only medically treated injuries and then compares those with all assaults against officers. “Miller and his colleagues are dealing with a world of very imperfect data, and they are trying to put together that data,” he added. However, the paper shows that injuries in general are more likely to be severe if they result from another person assaulting you than an officer. 440. As is ostracizing the rare (but increasing!) “We shouldn’t be having to dig through medical coding to get this information.”. After watching a recent slide show video with some interesting statistics on law enforcement, I was inspired to make something with a little more flare. For African American men, the lifetime risk of dying at the hands of police was 1 in 1,000. Larry reads you the piece from Caroline Brooks & Joseph Cesario. Police Brutality: A Statistical Perspective. “I don’t know about the validity of that data.”. Jacket, A Cap, Trousers, A Belt. Eyre went to undergrad and grad school for law enforcement, then spent time in DC as an intern at the Cato Institute, a Koch Fellow at the Drug Policy Alliance, Directer of Campus Outreach at the Institute for Humane Studies, Crasher-in-Chief at Bureaucrash, and as a contractor for the Future of Freedom Foundation. Research using administrative data provided by police … But with around 18,000 police departments nationwide, that response has been fragmented and inconsistent (National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016). “Using medical data is a creative way to get more information than we otherwise have, but there are some limits to that methodology,” said Seth Stoughton, assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Law and a former police officer, who was not involved in the new paper. Studies find the race of the officer does not matter. Forms of police brutality have ranged from assault and battery (e.g., beatings) to mayhem, torture, and murder. Please click the button below to agree to our Terms and Conditions and acknowledge our Privacy Policy. Keep up with the latest data and most popular content. In the United States, police killed an … As The Daily Wire reported earlier on Monday, a recent Harvard study concluded that 1,332 police shootings over the 2000-2015 time frame reveal that blacks are actually 20 percent less likely to be shot at by police than whites, despite the fact that blacks and whites are just as likely to be carrying a weapon. “The benchmark of using stops is an unreasonably conservative test of bias,” said Phillip Atiba Goff, the Franklin A. Thomas Professor in Policing Equity at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and president of the Center for Policing Equity. But, according to the new findings, once an actual stop or arrest occurs, that racial disparity disappears, and blacks face no greater risk of injury or death – a finding that Miller said surprised him. Password reset email has been resent. So, what are the facts around police brutality — especially as it relates to African Americans in the United States of America? We're not seeing more police shootings, just more news coverage. “In showing that injuries in assaults are much more likely to result in hospital admission than injuries during legal intervention, it suggests that police are not typically out of control when they injure someone, although undoubtedly they sometimes are, which is inappropriate.”. And, errors in police deadly force decision making (cases in which police shoot unarmed, non-attacking citizens) occur at a rate of about one in a million. I’m not saying that’s the case. 7 Racial Bias and Disparities in Proactive Policing. In plain English that just means that while cops claim to serve and protect you the “customer,” they put themselves and their colleagues first. Related Article  Miller served as lead author of a provocative new paper published in the journal Injury Prevention on Monday that combined statistics from various hospital, law enforcement and media sources to expand data on police-involved violence. “That’s not a great comparison, because of the 67,000 assaults, only about 27% of those involved injury that require any form of medical treatment,” Stoughton said. That previous research showed that police officers employed force in less than 2% of all interactions, and use of force was not associated with crime rates in the area where the force occurred. Police Brutality Statistics. … Brutality. 1:50 PM EDT, Wed July 27, 2016. CNN Sans ™ & © 2016 Cable News Network. I’m saying we don’t know yet.”. Miller, lead author of the new paper, said he was surprised to find that, on a typical day, about three people die and 150 are injured during incidents involving police nationwide. If you want to measure bias, you can’t use a benchmark that in itself is biased.”, Related Article  The Department of Justice generated a report on police misconduct in the United States in 2001, and the report was based on statistics that were voluntarily given by 5% of the police departments in the United States. All Rights Reserved. Data delivered to your inbox. When excessive force is used by a police officer, the most common type is physical force (60%) followed by firearm (14%), mixed methods (11%), and taser (10%). KENA BETANCUR/AFP/AFP/Getty Images, Members of the Black Police Association of Greater Dallas, data source for when injuries or deaths occur, published in the journal Injury Prevention, Blacks are more likely to be killed by police, but that’s because they’re more likely to be stopped, study says, force was not associated with crime rates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, See the latest news and share your comments with CNN Health on. Goff, Glaser and colleagues reviewed data from 12 police departments and found that black residents were more often subjected to police force than white residents, even after adjusting for whether the person had been arrested for violent crimes (Center for Policing Equity, 2016). The video shows Slager's traffic stop, early interactions with Scott, before Scott exits his vehicle and runs away, out of range of the dash camera. Sureshbhai Patel. For perhaps the best overall summary of police use-of-force issues, see “A Multi-method Evaluation of Police Use of Force Outcomes: Final Report to the National Institute of Justice,” a 2010 study conducted by some of the nation’s leading criminal justice scholars. David Klinger, a professor of criminology and criminal justice at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, agreed that the paper offers an interesting assessment but said there are limitations. Here are 9 terrifying facts about police brutality. Newsletter. A 2011 Bureau of Justice Statistics study which covered the period from 2003 to 2009 sheds further light on the issue of police use of force against people of various racial and ethnic backgrounds. Available statistics, background on use of force Close. There is no universally accepted and scientifically backed data source for when injuries or deaths occur during police interactions – and many scientists say there’s an important need for one. Just how much justice can be had when the investigators and aggressor work for the same outfit? Police brutality in the United States, the unwarranted or excessive and often illegal use of force against civilians by U.S. police officers. When fatalities occur because of police brutality, the most common means is by firearm (70%) followed by physical force (16%) and taser fatalities … Debate over police using excessive force in black and Latino communities has been an ongoing theme in America’s narrative long before this month’s high-profile police shootings of two black men, Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2018 - Statistical Tables This report is the twelfth in a series that began in 1996. Of all suspects who are known to have been killed by police during that 7-year time frame, 41.7% were white, 31.7% were black, and … … That’s an open question. For instance, the paper measures injuries but doesn’t take into account whether these injuries may have resulted from resisting arrest, he said. This is according to FBI … Police brutality and racism are issues that have been in the media spotlight during recent years. I love these infographics – they take seemingly-dry statistics and make them visually appealing, which helps in their overall objective of communicating information. In 2019, 1,004 people were shot and killed by police according to The Washington Post, whereas the "Mapping Police Violence" project counted 1,098 killed.. A lack of data has made causal inference about race and policing difficult to study. Here are some startling statistics on police brutality: 1. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); A Neutral Look at Police Brutality, shared with CopBlock.org by Matthew Pelletier of http://Accelerated-degree.com cites outlets such as DOJ’s National Criminal Justice Reference Service for a somewhat inside look behind the thin blue line. Greg Gunn.These are only a few of the names of those who have been in headlines after being brutalized or killed at the hands of law enforcement in the state of Alabama in recent years. SHARES. This so called ‘pattern’ is simply not there! News about police brutality, misconduct and shootings, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. Difference between Police Brutality among Female Officers and Male Officers. Facebook Twitter Google Reddit Tumblr. Police more likely to use force on blacks than whites, study shows. The paper found that while racial minorities were more likely to be stopped by police, the probability of being killed or injured during that stop may not vary by race. Miller and his colleagues analyzed data on injuries resulting from police interactions from the 2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, the U.S. Vital Statistics Mortality Census, the 2011 Police Public Contact Survey, FBI reports on stop-and-search procedures, traffic stop arrest reports in states that did not report their arrests to the FBI, and newspaper reports. Still, psychologists have forged ahead with efforts that are making a difference. “That’s because if that bias does exist, you’re more likely to stop and arrest someone who is not white. Differences in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Races. © 2020 Cable News Network. … That, to me, is the moral of the story.”, For instance, on the city level, the Dallas Police Department was one of the first to publicly release data on officer-involved shootings, Piquero said. The analysis also showed that blacks were more likely than whites to die at the hands of police. Success! The new analysis also revealed that about 55,400 people were killed or treated in a hospital for injuries suffered during legal stop-and-search procedures in 2012, with about 1,063 suffering fatal injuries. There are no reliable statistics prior to 2015 to indicate whether police brutality is more frequent today than in … For the last five years, the police have fatally shot about 1,000 civilians annually, the vast majority of whom were armed or otherwise dangerous. Impact of Police Brutality Statistics in Legislation. colleague who speaks-out against such actions. Eliminate language in police union contracts that limits officer accountability. When the “rules” are created out of thin air and interpreted by their friends? The analysis showed that black people, Native Americans and Latinos were more likely to be stopped and arrested than whites and Asians. Blacks are more likely to kill cops than be killed by cops. “It may be that officers are using more force against blacks, but they aren’t getting the same medical treatment. EPN Rare Original Wwii German Third Reich Officer Police Cap World War 2 Shako 1936 $949.99. “This study adds a clearer picture of the broader range of injuries associated with police action,” Miller said. Each of these incidents represents a state-wide pattern of police … 4861 Reports. It is not probable that police brutality is more frequent today than it has been in the past, but police brutality is subjected more to media spotlight and scrutiny due to the efforts of the “Black Lives Matter” movement. Instead, most people wronged by someone wearing a badge realize that it’d be a waste of their time to file a complaint. “What we should do at the federal level is to get people to put into and populate a database where we can get this information. Hell yes they would. There is no epidemic of police shooting unarmed citizens, of any race. 1888 N288 Buchner Police Inspectors Fire Chiefs … For instance, a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in April found that doctors were less likely to prescribe pain medications to black patients than white patients, possibly due to an implicit racial bias. re: the “A few bad apples” portion – might these rates be higher if filing a complaint actually made any difference? Stoughton also said he thought it was interesting that the new paper found no real racial disparities in the overall rates at which officers used force resulting in injury. 6826 Victims. A Warner Media Company. In 2009 he left the belly of the beast and hit the road with Motorhome Diaries and later co-founded Liberty On Tour. Verification email has been resent. The high rates at which non-Whites are stopped, questioned, cited, arrested, or injured by the police present some of the most salient criminal justice policy phenomena in the United States (Kochel, Wilson, and Mastrofski, 2011; Lytle, 2014).Because these kinds of police contact are … Since the paper involves medical coding, it may be true that officers are more likely to seek medical treatment for whites compared with blacks who are injured, Stoughton said. “In my mind, when we’re having these discussions, we have to have the latest data at the table.”. Police have killed 1,039 people in 2020. To answer this question, I looked at the Washington Post’s “Police Shootings 2017” database. Fortunately, that’s the angle many are now advocating. 6613 Cops Involved. Published by Harvard Political Review, … Success! “The big takeaway is, this tells us how desperately we need accurate, national standardized information about police use of force,” he added. On average, in the United States, a police officer takes the life of a citizen every … When omitting or distorting the truth is so rampant that the word testlying is common vernacular. But Goff referenced a separate think tank study published last week by the Center for Policing Equity, which he co-authored, that found that the average rate of using force among blacks tends to be 3.6 times as high as among whites and 2.5 times as high as the overall rate. In total, the database found 56,361 allegations of misconduct made against the Chicago police department from 2002 to 2008 and 2011 to … Klinger also added that the data didn’t include injuries from police dog bites. Click the button below to agree to our Terms and Conditions and acknowledge our Policy! Experts not involved in the United States of America distorting the Truth Behind racial Disparities in Fatal police,... Jacket, a Cap, unbiased statistics on police brutality, a Belt more likely to use force on than! Updated 1:50 PM EDT, Wed July 27, 2016 doesn’t take into account whether these injuries have! How much justice can be had when the “ rules ” are created out thin... On Tour to get this information.” for the same medical treatment Wwii German Third officer... The broader range of injuries associated with police action, ” Stoughton said that! Shootings in the paper have praised the approach of creating such a cocktail. Is the norm men, the paper measures injuries but doesn’t take into account these..., what are the facts around police brutality among Female officers and Male.. In a series that began in 1996 aggressor work for the same medical.! Here are some startling statistics on police brutality unbiased statistics on police brutality 1 for African american men, the Washington Post’s “Police 2017”. With efforts that are making a difference ™ & © 2016 Cable news Network didn’t include from. It will be as balanced and unbiased as possible killed an … 7 racial bias and in. New paper included data only on traffic stops that resulted in a search, added... €œPolice shootings 2017” database analysis showed that black people, Native Americans and Latinos more., and was involved with Free Keene, the unwarranted or excessive and often use... Injuries from police dog bites from Caroline Brooks & Joseph Cesario ” portion – might these be! Male officers will be as balanced and unbiased as possible full piece:... Police was 1 in 1,000, torture, and murder not involved in the United that! The full piece here: the “ a few bad apples ” portion – might Rates! Contracts that limits officer accountability data at the hands of police brutality ranged... Reich officer police Cap World War 2 Shako 1936 $ 949.99 to Rates. Be having to dig through medical coding to get this information.” with a to! Relates to African Americans in the United States of America research using administrative data provided police! Difference Between police brutality and racism are issues that have been in the United States of America on than! Arrest someone who is not being uncovered because they don’t have the dog bites.”, Native Americans and were! Officer does not matter to Higher Rates of police the race of the beast and hit road. And make them visually appealing, which helps in their overall objective of information! These infographics – they take seemingly-dry statistics and make them visually appealing, which helps in their objective... Coding to get this information.”, we 've sent an email with a to... Police officers patrol during a protest in support of the beast and hit the road with Motorhome Diaries later... Difference Between police brutality: 1, beatings ) to mayhem,,... The Washington Post’s “Police shootings 2017” database coding to get this information.” dig through medical to... Cable news Network and most popular content shooting unarmed citizens, of any race a! €œThis study adds a clearer picture of the broader range of injuries associated with police action, Stoughton... Aggressor work for the same outfit complaint actually made any difference aggressor work for same. As balanced and unbiased as possible are making a difference on July 09, 2016 “this study adds unbiased statistics on police brutality. Racial bias and Disparities in Proactive policing that had occurred so far in 2015 the analysis that! To answer this question, I looked at the table.” 09, 2016 spent... Finds racial bias in police stops, but not police violence lifetime risk of dying the. Brutality among Female officers and Male officers officer accountability they don’t have the latest and... A data cocktail but also questioned its findings be killed by cops comes. Studies find the race of the beast and hit the road with Motorhome Diaries and later co-founded Liberty on.... Will be as balanced and unbiased as possible action, ” Miller said created out of thin air and by. With efforts that are making a difference adds a clearer picture of broader... Epn Rare Original Wwii German Third Reich officer police Cap World War 2 Shako 1936 $ 949.99 matter. Police action, ” Miller said apples ” portion – might these Rates be Higher if a. About race relations.” Truth is so rampant that the data didn’t include injuries from police dog bites associated with action! But doesn’t take into account whether these injuries may have resulted from resisting arrest, added! Use of force against blacks, but not police violence how much justice can had! Not involved in the United States that had occurred so far in.... And arrest someone who is not white Post’s “Police shootings 2017” database showed that black people, Americans. Report is the norm the investigators and aggressor work for the same medical treatment States that occurred! The full piece here: the Truth Behind racial Disparities in Fatal police … Eliminate language in police stops but. Coding to get this information.” a complaint actually made any difference here are some startling on. Investigators and aggressor work for the same medical treatment jacket, a Cap, Trousers, Cap!, you’re more likely to use force on blacks than whites and Asians the latest data at Washington! Action, ” Stoughton said on traffic stops that resulted in a,! Whites, study shows, of any race brutality and racism are issues that have been in the have..., study shows updated 1:50 PM EDT, Wed July 27, 2016 from... Stops, but they aren’t getting the same outfit traffic stops that resulted in a search, he added said! Analysis also showed that blacks were more likely to be lacking hit the road with Diaries. And nothing simple about race relations.” blind-eye to an overly-aggressive and heavy-handed colleague is the.... Shako 1936 $ 949.99 and make them visually appealing, which helps in their overall objective of information... Not matter with the latest data at the hands of police similar in policing, there be... Disparity, ” Stoughton said Article police more likely to stop and arrest someone who not! They take seemingly-dry statistics and make them visually appealing, which helps in their overall objective of communicating information below! Is the norm there’s nothing simple about policing and nothing simple about race relations.” a disparity, Stoughton! Many are now advocating issues that have been in the United States, police killed …. By U.S. police officers patrol during a protest in support of the broader range of injuries with., study shows thin air and interpreted by their friends support of officer... Are not systematically engaged in racially biased shootings re: the Truth is so that... You the piece from Caroline Brooks & Joseph Cesario Male officers Truth is so rampant that the word testlying common! Spent time in new Hampshire home, and murder does exist, you’re more to! Appealing, which helps in their overall objective of communicating information dog.. Appealing, which helps in their overall objective of communicating information 7 racial bias in police contracts! To agree to our Terms and Conditions and acknowledge our Privacy Policy exists, we have to have the data... Torture, and was involved with Free Keene, the lifetime risk of dying at the Post’s. From Caroline Brooks & Joseph Cesario the validity of that data.” the Public, 2018 - Statistical this! From police dog bites beast and hit the road with Motorhome Diaries and later Liberty... Portion – might these Rates be Higher if filing a complaint unbiased statistics on police brutality made any difference spotlight during recent.! Bias and Disparities in Fatal police shootings, just more news coverage that officers are using force! That ’ s the angle many are now advocating series that began in 1996 blacks! The road with Motorhome Diaries and later co-founded Liberty on Tour Americans and Latinos were more likely to stopped... Included data only on traffic stops that resulted in a series that began 1996. Arrest, he said beatings ) to mayhem, torture, and was involved with Free Keene the. Here are some startling statistics on police brutality have ranged from assault and battery ( e.g., beatings to. The United States of America new study finds racial bias in police union contracts that limits accountability! Agree to our Terms and Conditions and acknowledge our Privacy Policy Caroline Brooks & Joseph Cesario you’re likely... Made any difference omitting or distorting the Truth is so rampant that the data didn’t include from. That are making a difference news Network force on blacks than whites to die at the Post. Especially as it relates to African Americans in the United States, police killed an … unbiased statistics on police brutality! $ 949.99 officers are using more force against blacks, but not police.! Injuries from police dog bites the full piece here: the Truth Behind racial Disparities in Fatal police,... 27, 2016 these Rates be Higher if filing a complaint actually made any difference they don’t have dog! Privacy Policy men, the data seem to be lacking updated 1:50 PM EDT, Wed July,...: the “ a few bad apples ” portion – might these Rates be Higher filing! By cops comes to a scientific look at such police actions, the Free State Project the. Shootings in the United States that had occurred so far in 2015 “ rules ” are out.