Cramer, C. (2006), Civil War is Not a Stupid Thing. An anti-war movement evolved on Bougainville during the mid-1990s, spearheaded by womens’ groups, NGOs, and the church. 1990s Bougainville civil war: WWII weapons. Sadly, no one has ever been charged or tried for the war crimes committed on Bougainville. The International State Crime Initiative would like to thank the following contributors: Amanda King and Fabio Cavadini of Frontyard Films who provided excerpts from their documentary film, 'An Evergreen Island'. In the latter event, the BRA’s opposition could be militarised and used as an ‘indigenous’ pro-government paramilitary (i.e. In a desperately unequal world facing a climate emergency, everyone has to pick a side. He is also the Chancellor of the Australian National University. For just $5 per month get the Green Left digital edition in your inbox each week. The discovery of vast copper ore deposits in Bougainville's Crown Prince Range in 1969 led to the establishment of a huge copper mine by the Australian company Conzinc Rio Tinto. Tanis, J. The peace agreement signed in 2001 in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea (PNG), ended the most violent conflict in the South Pacific since World War Two. Shot dead by the PNG soldiers, her abdomen was then cut open to remove the foetus. Braithwaite, J., Charlesworth, H., Reddy, R., and Dunn, L. (2010). (2003) The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. To meet the shortfall, the PNGDF turned to BCL and Australia for assistance. During early 1989 unrest on Bougainville grew as militants began to attack the property of local businessman. The Police Minister later boasted to parliament “bones rattled on the island” (National Parliament of PNG, Record of Proceedings, 14 March, 1990). Memorandum to CRA Directors, 6 December 1988. British-Australian mining giant Rio Tinto is seriously contemplating reopening its Bougainville copper and gold mine, Reuters reported on February 7. Without the Prime Minister’s consent, the Police Commissioner ordered the mobile squads to arrest PLA leaders, a move which violated an amnesty that had been granted to landowners by the national government. (eds.) Brunnschweiler, C., and Bulte E. H. (2008) 'The resource curse revisited and revised: a tale of paradoxes and red herrings', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55(3), 248-264. Kramer, R. C., Michalowski, R. J. and Kauzlarich, D. (2002) ‘The Origins and Development of the Concept and Theory of State-Corporate Crime’, Crime & Delinquency, 48(2), 263–282. Moreover, a number of influential Ministers genuinely believed that the campaign of sabotage was a cry for help by landowners. (2000). Moreover, internal ruptures began to appear as people grew tired of deprivation and a growing law and order problem (an under-resourced BRA failed to provide any systematic policing service). But a military blockade has been placed around Bougainville. Matilda’s mother, Dolores—a brave, deeply religious woman—endlessly promises her pining daughter that they will take the next boat to reunite with her father. A loyalist leader, Thomas Anis, claimed “we are fighting a civil war which involves arms, violence and psychological struggle for power – a warfare in which only the fittest will survive” (Post-Courier, 07/01/1991). However, the PNGDF lacked the operational capacity to undertake this extensive military campaign alone. While a class-action has been taken against BCL by the landowners, the company nonetheless remains hopeful of returning to the island. This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: Bougainville Civil War Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Alternatively, you can send your message to editor@greenleft.org.au. A bloody civil war ensued, which took up to 20,000 lives on an island of 175,000 people. While this alone was remarkable just before the turn of the millennium, what is absolutely astonishing was that the weapons had been “resurrected” from the WWII battlefields. Namaliu was prime minister of PNG from 1988 to 1992. Hawksley, C. (2006). In which case the safety of expatriates and the security of Australian investments (which stood at around $A1.8 billion), would be put in peril. In response, the PLA decided to escalate their anti-mine activities. Rio Tinto stands accused of being complicit in these atrocities. ), Weaving Consensus: The Papua New Guinea-Bougainville Peace Process. The referendum was part of a ceasefire agreement that ended a brutal decade-long civil war in 1998, which was followed by the 2001 signing of the Bougainville Peace Agreement. Spriggs (1992: 13) observes the military blockade “was total, including a blockade on any medical supplies, and was therefore tighter than that placed around Saddam Hussein’s Iraq”. Perched on the north-west tip of the Solomon Islands archipelago, Bougainville forms part of Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) easternmost border region. En 1756, il fait partie de l'expédition au Canada sous les ordres de Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. Secretary of the Victorian Allied Health Professionals Association, Bougainville operation was forcefully closed down, interviewed eight senior managers who worked for BCL, Podcast: Politics in Brazil today — Eyewitness discussion with journalist Michael Fox, Vigil for Muhammad — Malaysian student dies in detention, Ecuador: Popular progressive alliance gains electoral certification. You can also add a donation to your support by choosing the solidarity option of $20 per month. Well, its executives seem fairly cogent on this front too. Il colonise l'archipel des Malouines (1763), qu'il remets aux Espagnols à la demande de Louis XV en 1765. (eds.) Memorandum to the Chairman, 22 November 1988. Like East Timor in the 1970s, the con­flict rarely made the headlines. Additionally landowners and politicians were assaulted, a prominent landowner’s wife was raped, and those left homeless by the destruction were placed in internment camps (called ‘care centres’ by the PNG government) where they were denied access to any outside visitors. Much of what I'd read about Bougainville before arriving painted a picture of a troubled and unstable country. The Bougainville Crisis: 1991 Update. One manager recalled: “These guys [PNG security forces] were ignorant thugs with guns. Post-war justice has been elusive, but until grievances are confronted, the consequences of impunity can be deadly. Gillespie, R. (1996). Ce navire de guerre était prévu pour servir dans les colonies à l'étranger et transportait un armement assez performant pour sa taille. (eds.) Under this agreement the rebels permitted the North Solomons to resume its constitutional status as a province of PNG in return for greater autonomy, and an option for a referendum to be held over independence within ten to fifteen years. Naturally, Rio Tinto wants to take advantage of skyrocketing copper and gold prices by dusting off its old South Pacific jewel. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. Mobile squads raided four landowner villages, landowners were assaulted, their property seized, and their homes damaged. However, the BRA successfully shut the mine down just hours after its re-opening, while the peace agreement signing was stayed when a Provincial Minister involved in its construction was assassinated. Ted Diro, the Minister of State, and Ben Sabumei, the Minister for Defence, persuaded their cabinet colleagues that a state of emergency must be declared, and the BRA neutralised using military force. With no corporate sponsors or advertising, we rely on support and donations from readers like you. Aware that something significant was being planned, BCL’s Managing Director, Robert Cornelius, relayed his concerns to the company’s Chairman, ahead of a meeting with the PNG government. This it was hoped would split the rebels into disparate groups, thus allowing the PNGDF to pick them off one by one. In PNG the state owns sub-surface minerals. Soldiers fired machine guns attached by rope, and grenades from grenade launchers or simply dropped grenades into villages” (Rogers 2002: 233). A new mining law was passed last month by the Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG), opening up talk of the reopening of the Panguna mine – the catalyst of a 10-year civil war. Result: Bougainville Peace Agreement Establishment of the Autonomous Bougainville Government; Belligerents Papua New Guinea. Kristian sits on the Executive Board of the International State Crime Initiative. Frightened ignorant thugs with guns. The loyalist paramilitaries were arguably even more brutal than their state allies. (eds.) Lasslett, K. (2009). Believing that the law and order operation had demonstrated the government’s capacity to impose its authority, a meeting was called with moderate landowners opposed to Francis Ona. Following this event BCL’s Chairman, Don Carruthers, petitioned the Prime Minister, Paias Wingti, to begin the seven year review in order to diffuse tensions on the island. Completely isolated from the outside world, the BRA and their political arm, the Bougainville Interim Government, were unable to normalise social conditions on the island during 1990. ‘Winning Hearts and Mines: The Bougainville Crisis, 1988-90’, in Jackson, R., Murphy, E., and Poynting, S. Le Billon, P. (2005) 'Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflict'. Bougainville: Rio Tinto faces war crimes allegations in bid to reopen mine. With revenues from the mine grinding to a halt, and PNG’s international investment reputation at risk, two new Ministers entered cabinet with a strategy for resolving the situation. World War II, when: because of the natural affluence of their village life and the coverage of the [Bougainville] district by Christian missions (mainly Catholic and non-Australian), the administration neglected to play a conspicuous role in development almost until copper was discovered. ‘Mining and Civil Conflict: Revisiting Grievance at Bougainville, Minerals’, Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report, 21(2), 23–35. The beachhead was secured on November 13. “You know, we gave them everything, because as a far as we saw it we were hoping that they were going to solve the situation, so we could start operating again. Reconciliation and Architectures of Commitment: Sequencing Peace in Bougainville. Collier, P., and Hoeffler, A. Noté /5. Many Bougainvilleans had turned against the BRA, which had shown itself as capable of atrocities as the defence force. As a result, in April 1998 a permanent ceasefire was signed, while in 2001 the Bougainville Peace Agreement was endorsed. Modules . Available online, Miriori, M. (2002). ‘The Politics of the Panguna Landowners’ Association’, in May, R. J. and Spriggs, M. Mr Speaker, it had become a military problem requiring a military solution … The Government has accepted the inevitable reality that many lives will be lost and injured on both sides” (National Parliament of PNG, Record of Proceedings, 11 July, 1989). Dom Rotheroe who provided excerpts from his documentary film, 'A Coconut Revolution'. However, it is clans who own the land which mining companies must access to extract the minerals and build essential facilities. We didn’t have the logistics to go in, but when you have a call out, and the national government wants you to go, what do you do? (2006). (2004) State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years, Canberra: ANU E Press. Armed opposition to the BRA in the form of a group calling itself the Bougainville Liberation Front had arisen in several areas, leading Bougainville into the quagmire of civil war. Between 1980 and 1987 the PLA helped landowners to increase their share of the benefits being generated by the mine (see Okole 1990). During this invasion, Task Force 39, led by … Achetez neuf ou d'occasion They must sort out their own civil war based problems first. The PLA’s executive believed that this inquiry would vindicate the landowners. At 3:30pm on 22 November 1988, three hooded men armed with axes and knives forced their way into the BCL explosives magazine, and removed a considerable quantity of boosters, detonating cords, delays, and detonators. Both Rabbie Namaliu (Prime Minister 1988-1992) and Michael Somare (Foreign Minister 1988-1992), for example, maintained senior roles in government, despite their support for the blockade and their failure to stop or even acknowledge the PNGDF’s war crimes (indeed Rabbie Namaliu is currently on BCL's Board of Directors). These allegations were featured in a hard-hitting Dateline report aired on SBS TV in 2011. So we supported them every way we could.”. (1990). June 24, 2015 June 24, 2015 jwh1975 3 Comments. That said, a new generation of activists in Bougainville are beginning to resist the mine’s reopening, though they face stiff opposition from the Autonomous Bougainville Government and pro-mining landowners. When I heard about those claims, I thought the whole thing was rather unfair.”. (1997). When will leaders lead and stop Black deaths in custody? The Wingti government, however, was toppled by a vote of no confidence in July 1988 before any progress could be made. Standish, B. Photo by Francis O'Neill, via eco-action.org. (Optional) Enter your postcode for local activist event updates. Meanwhile heightening tensions between Bougainvilleans and mainland PNG migrants led to riots in several towns. The PNGDF, with assistance from the Australian Defence Force, instrumentalised these tensions – their plan was to exacerbate the growing divisions on Bougainville by continuing the blockade, and by engaging in psychological operations. I am sure they are attracting a degree of community support from war-weary Bougainvilleans looking to rebuild their shattered island. They claimed Rio Tinto’s equipment was commandeered by the defence force after the mine had been abandoned. An anti-war movement evolved on Bougainville during the mid-1990s, spearheaded by womens’ groups, NGOs, and the church. Unsatisfied with BCL’s legalistic approach, the PLA set up a road-block on 16 May 1988, which prevented the mine from operating for several hours. CLAIMS that Rio Tinto funded the civil war and fostered atrocities on Bougainville are being resurrected as a hurdle to the reopening there of the copper mine, whose proven reserves are worth at least $50 billion. Accounting for Violence in Developing Countries, London: Hurst & Company. During Operation Footloose the BRA staged a significant counter-attack that surprised PNG’s security forces. Situated on Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) eastern border with the Solomon Islands, the company's Bougainville operation was forcefully closed down in November 1988 by traditional landowners who objected to the mine’s environmental and social effects. You have to go” (Personal Communication, 2006). The war has been described as the largest conflict in Oceania since the end of World War II, with an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Bougainvillean dead. In late March the overwhelmed security forces retreated also, after having suffered a number of serious losses. Bougainville remains part of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and has four elected representatives in the PNG national parliament. In an effort to bring the rebels to heal, the PNG government, with encouragement from Australia and BCL, placed a military blockade around Bougainville during May 1990. Perhaps BCL was unaware of the ends to which this logistic support would be applied? So it would be difficult to argue that this support is based upon informed consent. Bougainville — Tier I croiseur. Origins of the Bougainville Conflict is an excerpt from the two-part documentary Paradise Imperfect made in 2000.. Paradise Imperfect In 2000 the ABC’s Pacific Correspondent Sean Dorney travelled to the war zones of Bougainville to look at the impact of the nine year secessionist conflict and the … ), Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice. Bougainville Revolutionary Army, Communiqué, 29 November 1989. (2002). BCL director Sir Rabbie Namaliu told The Australian on July 16, 2011: “To suggest that Rio did it deliberately is factually wrong. Conflict over the Panguna mine became the primary trigger for the Bougainville Civil War (1988–1998), which resulted in the deaths of up to 20,000 people. The government offered the moderates a generous peace settlement if they could persuade villagers to withdraw their support for the more radical PLA executive. May, R. J., and Spriggs, M. Only then we will be able to save the lives of our people in Bougainville … Please be united and walk side by side. Until Rio Tinto commits to full disclosure, any attempt to reopen the Bougainville mine will be another corporate blight on the deeply scarred people of this Melanesian island. Fearing negative exposure, the national government banned the media from entering Bougainville. The 1988-1998 conflict on the Papua New Guinea island of Bougainville saw use of WWII weapons. Expecting a sympathetic ear, Cornelius was shocked to discover that the government in fact blamed BCL for the recent disturbances on Bougainville. Lasslett, K. (2010) A Critical Introduction to State-Corporate Crime, International State Crime Initiative, Available online. They believed this would set a destructive precedent, illustrating that force could produce results. These conditions were unacceptable to the national government. Né en 1729 à Paris, Louis-Antoine de Bougainville est le fils d'un notaire et échevin de la ville de Paris. The Papua New Guinea Defence Force: Vanuatu (1980) to Bougainville (1990), Unpublished PhD, Canberra: Australian National University. May, R. J. No senior official from Australia or PNG has been formally censured, let aloneMore located on Bougainville island has pro­ duced no copper and gold due to sabot­ age by village landowners. Our side is — and always will be — that of the 99%. (1990). Retrouvez Breaking Spears and Mending Hearts: Peacemakers and Restorative Justice in Bougainville et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. It was no longer a land compensation issue nor a tribal conflict. (eds. Arnson, C. J. and Zartman, I. W. (2005) Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed and Greed, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. I am talking frankly, they will knock a few heads in, burn a few houses down, shoot a few pigs, shoot at cars … The mobile squads operated with a modus operandi of frightening people” (Personal Communication, 2006). As a result, while police mobile squads were dispatched and placed on security detail, the Prime Minister also elected to send a peace delegation to Bougainville in an effort to forge a mediated settlement to the crisis. There are other problems with his account. Matilda realises there will be no more boats. With many radical PLA activists now dead, the company may get its way. This framework received a major boost when the military revolted against the national government’s plan to employ the private military company, Sandline International, during early 1997. Despite Francis Ona’s warning a declaration of emergency was issued by the government on 26 June 1989. As internal tensions grew during 1990, the national government was able to activate its plan. Canberra: Pandanus Books. (2000) Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, Boulder: Lynne Reinner. I am requesting information you may possess on any suspected war crimes or war time atrocities committed by any and all parties to the Bougainville Civil War (1988-1998) or during the subsequent peace process. Amnesty International. The new Prime Minister, Rabbie Namaliu, ordered an independent inquiry into the mining operation during August. A … Bougainville Perspectives on a Crisis, Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. (eds.) Consequently, BCL refused to meet the PLA’s demands, and instead affirmed their commitment to meeting the company’s existing obligations as set out under the Bougainville Copper Agreement. Hilson, C. J. Using the defence aid supplied by Australia and BCL the PNGDF conducted a series of offensive operations during July and August 1989. Green, P. and Ward, T. (2004) State Crime: Governments, Violence and Corruption, London: Pluto Press. Bougainvillean nurse, Sister Ruby Mirinka, recalled: “One of the victims was a 24-year-old pregnant woman. Frightened, ignorant thugs with guns a long way from home.”, Another executive remembered surveying the destruction inflicted upon local villages by government forces during April 1989: “Forty, 50 villages, and the crops [were destroyed]. (eds.) I don’t know what I’d do without my weekly brain food. Bathurst: Crawford House Press. (1992). Claims that Rio Tinto funded the civil war and fostered atrocities on Bougainville are being resurrected as a hurdle to the reopening there of Panguna copper mine, whose proven reserves are worth at least $50 billion.. Today the opposition to the mine is strongest overseas, especially among Australia’s trade unions and non-government organisations. Consequently during February 1990 BCL hastily abandoned Bougainville. Green Left is turning 30 - Help us celebrate 30 years of people-powered media by posting a message to your socials using the hashtag #greenleft30. However, in August 1987, a new PLA executive was elected. Internment camps, the mortaring of children, aerial bombardments, assassinations, rape, and the denial of humanitarian aid — these are just some of the criminal state practices endured by civilians during Papua New Guinea’s decade-long civil war on the island of Bougainville (1988-1998). However, the BRA’s leadership was adamant, any permanent solution to the conflict would require: 1) The withdrawal of the government’s security forces from Bougainville; 2) The permanent closure of the mine; and 3) The holding of a referendum to decide the question of independence. Il devient avocat, puis s'engage dans l'armée. ‘Papua New Guinea at Thirty: Late Decolonisation and the Political Economy of Nation-Building’, Third World Quarterly, 27(1), 161–173. Canberra: ANU E Press. Following a large protest in April 1988, the PLA’s leaders handed BCL a letter which outlined their demands. Bougainville – Blood on our Hands: Australia’s Role in PNG’s War. (eds.) It was hoped that by doing so communities would begin to turn against the BRA, thus bringing about the ingredients for a civil war on Bougainville. Having been briefed on BCL’s views, the national government looked for a middle road. Many are against the controversial idea, but Australian-based campaigner Vikki John from the Bougainville Freedom Movement, said there were issues with getting their message out. Ballentine, K. and Sherman, J. Ogan, E. (1990). As a result, in late March the mobile squads were instructed by the national government to restore order, with assistance from the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF). ‘A Bougainville Interim Government: Perspective on Early Peace Efforts’, in Carl, A., and Garasu, L. Regan, A. J., and Griffin, H. M. Full text of "Universal Periodic Review: Bougainville Civil Society Shadow Report" See other formats TO: civilsocietyunit@ohchr.org CC: Christina.saunders@ohchr.org UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW on PapUO New Guinea BOUGAINVILLE CIVIL SOCIETY STAKEHOLDER REPORT TO OHCHR 1. Tombs (forthcoming), 'State-Corporate Symbiosis in the Production of Crime and Harm', State Crime, 1(2). Sharp, N. (1997). Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro. One manager told me: “We did everything they [PNG security forces] asked of us to make their life more comfortable, and better able to manage through, with transport, communications, provisions, whatever, fuel. Alex Smailes for images used in the background for chapters 4-6 and the contributors/title sections. Despite its attempt to glorify war and promote nationalist myths, he gives an honest account of Australian atrocities in war-both in decisions by the ruling class to throw away lives joining unnecessary conflicts and in the war crimes committed by the military in waging them. The Bougainville Civil War, also known as the Bougainville Conflict, was an armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 between Papua New Guinea and the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), who were fighting for independence. No one was exempted from the violence. According to Rogers (2002: 238) Colonel Nuia “was a hardliner with little sympathy for the secessionists”. 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