By war’s end more than one hundred thousand men had fled. “The deserters,” reported one Confederate army officer, “belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non slave-holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families. Civil War Culture: Confederate and Union Money . They even felt let down. The party’s Reconstruction Southern governors would include Edmund J. Davis, who during the war raised the 1st Texas Cavalry for the Union Army; William W. Holden, the unsuccessful “peace” candidate of 1864; William H. Smith and David P. Lewis, organizers of a Peace Society in Confederate Alabama; and William G. Brownlow, a circuit-riding Methodist preacher and Knoxville, Tennessee, editor. Committed to Southern independence, most planters were also devoted to the survival of plantation slavery, and when these goals clashed, the latter often took precedence. causes of global inequality, world hunger and poverty? The South’s inner civil war not only helped weaken the Confederate war effort but bequeathed to Reconstruction explosive political issues, unresolved questions, and broad opportunities for change. But in many parts of the upcountry, the two became intimately interrelated. By the middle of the war, Lee’s army was relying almost entirely upon food impressed from farms and plantations in Georgia and South Carolina. Unionists here carried local elections and formed volunteer military bands that resisted Confederate enlistment officers and sought to protect local families from harassment by secessionists. Many who made their way through the mountains to safety subsequently returned as members of the Union army. But there is no question that the war was a disaster for the upcountry South. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 began a policy of admitting an equal number of slave and free states into the Union. What are the most important Indeed, the black-white alliance within the Reconstruction Republican party was always fragile, especially as blacks aggressively pursued demands for a larger share of political offices and far-reaching civil rights legislation. Planters, to be sure, now paid a higher proportion of their own income in taxes than before the war, but they suffered far less severely from such seizures, which undermined the yeomanry’s subsistence agriculture. Poor white Southerners did not have an easy life in the South after the Civil War. Yet as the smoke of these historiographical battles clears, and a more complex view of the war and Reconstruction emerges, it has become abundantly clear that no one can claim to fully understand the Civil War era without coming to terms with the South’s Unionists, the persecution they suffered, and how they helped determine the outcome of our greatest national crisis. Nonslaveholding yeomen supplied the bulk of Confederate soldiers as well as the majority of deserters and draft resisters. Edward Degener, a German-born San Antonio grocer who had seen his two sons executed for treason by the Confederacy, served as a Republican congressman after the war. Meanwhile, almost every county in the region saw Unionist military companies established to disrupt the Confederate war effort. Are you in need of an additional source of income? Most of all, the Heroes of America helped galvanize the class resentments rising to the surface of Southern life. From February 1864 until the end of the American Civil War (1861-65) in April 1865, Andersonville, Georgia, served as the site of a notorious Confederate military prison. arc of political instability in Caucasus, Balkans, Ukraine, Middle East, South Life during the 1800s in America was already difficult for many people. American Civil War - American Civil War - The military background of the war: At first glance it seemed that the 23 states that remained in the Union after secession were more than a match for the 11 Southern states. After April 1862, when President Davis declared martial law in East Tennessee and suspended the writ of habeas corpus, thousands of Unionists saw their property seized. During and immediately after the Civil War, many northerners headed to the southern states, driven by hopes of economic gain, a desire to work on behalf of the Approximately 21 million people lived in the North, compared with some nine million in the South of whom about four million were slaves. support your ideas. Unionists in this region managed to elect “peace men” to the state legislature and a member of the Heroes as the local sheriff. Discuss the crisis of global neo-liberal Yankees argued that rich Southerners duped and even terrorized regular people into supporting secession . Slaveholders were genuinely astonished and dismayed. In all, approximately 13,000 Union prisoners perished at Andersonville, and following the war it… He would, Brownlow wrote in 1864, arm “every wolf, panther, catamount, and bear in the mountains of America … every rattlesnake and crocodile … every devil in Hell, and turn them loose upon the Confederacy” in order to win the war. urbanization and global food and water crisis. In fact, the secession crisis … Reconstruction During The Civil War 966 Words | 4 Pages. When his wife wrote him that Confederate cavalry had seized his horse under the impressment law and was mistreating their neighbors, Knight deserted, returned home, and organized Unionists and deserters to “fight for their rights and the freedom of Jones County.” In response, Confederate troops seized and hanged one of Knight’s brothers, but the irregular force of Unionists subsequently fought a successful battle against a Confederate cavalry unit. “These impressments,” Georgia’s governor Joseph E. Brown lamented in 1863, “have been ruinous to the people of the northeastern part of the State, where … probably not half a supply of provisions [is] made for the support of the women and children. Life during the 1800s in America was already difficult for many people. Many veterans left the army ready to improve their lives with bonus money, new networks of friends, and a sense of optimism. Slavery is the most obvious example of social inequality in the South prior to and during the civil war. Become a Tutor. ... “scalawag” was a term used for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War. Throughout the war East Tennessee remained the most conspicuous example of discontent within the Confederacy. We should not fall into the trap of trying to understand the outbreak of fighting by bringing everything we know to our consideration of why the war came. Food riots broke out in Virginia and North Carolina. The Cultural Divide The North There were real differences between the North and the South that developed over the years after the American Revolution and leading up to the crisis that started the Civil War. Studypool values your privacy. Even more devastating for upcountry morale, however, were policies of the Confederate government. Begin your discussion by addressing the following Olaudah Equiano Feelings about Reconstruction varied to some degree in the South. … I canvassed the county in 1860–61 myself and I know that there were not exceeding twenty men in this county who were in favor of secession.” Secret Union organizations also flourished in the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas. Reports of “demoralized” and “insubordinate” behavior multiplied throughout the South. One of the things I would very much like to see is a poll that tracks generational shifts in Civil War memory. Before 1860 he had been an avid defender of slavery. One of the Heroes’ key organizers was Dr. John Lewis Johnson, a Philadelphia-born druggist and physician. those fighting the redcoats during the American Revolution. © Copyright 1949-2018 American Heritage Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved. Lincoln was constantly beset by draft resistance, peace sentiment, and resentment of the immense economic changes unleashed by the war. The peculiar institution, he declared, would not be abolished until “the angel Gabriel sounds the last loud trump of God.” (His newspaper also called Harriet Beecher Stowe a “deliberate liar” for her portrayal of slavery in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, adding that she was “as ugly as Original sin” to boot.). Get help from verified tutors now! During the Civil War, when soldiers from across the country commingled, the multifarious strands of American music began to cross-fertilize each other, a process that was aided by the burgeoning railroad industry and other technological developments that made travel and communication easier. Uniforms were more than just clothes to wear. Perhaps more than any other individual, Brownlow personified the changes wrought by the Civil War and the bitter hatred of “rebels” so pervasive among Southern Unionists. Napoleon’s forces at the Battle of Waterloo. We learn also of Southern citizens loyal to the United States of America who courageously defied the secessionists and the Confederate government. economic and political system c.2008-c.2015. The distinguished Civil War historian James McPherson has estimated that there were 50,000 civilian deaths during the war, and has concluded that the overall mortality rate for the South exceeded that of any country in World War I and all but the region between the Rhine and the Volga in World War II. Part of the reason that northerners began to cling to the Puritan story was because it allowed them to celebrate a white, racial past during a time when the North felt itself under siege by foreign immigrants. Poverty descended on families with men in the army. Confederate defeat and the end of slavery brought far-reaching changes in the lives of all Southerners. Like “carpetbagger,” the term “scalawag” has a long history of use as a slur. What reasons might they have to remember? Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2011. Steven E. Woodworth, While God Is Marching On: The Religious World of Civil War Soldiers. The prison at Andersonville, officially called Camp Sumter, was the Souths largest prison for captured Union soldiers and known for its unhealthy conditions and high death rate. 4. Most Americans did not wake up every morning during the antebellum years thinking only about sectional tensions with the first thought on their minds, “What’s going on in the North?” or “What’s going on in the South?… structuralism, critical philosophy (Frankfurt School) and post-modernism. A Tennessean told a similar story: “They were driven from their homes … persecuted like wild beasts by the rebel authorities, and hunted down in the mountains; they were hanged on the gallows, shot down and robbed. After a burst of Confederate patriotism in 1861, increasing numbers of planters resisted calls for a shift from cotton to food production, even as the course of the war and the drain of manpower undermined the subsistence economy of the upcountry, threatening soldiers’ families with destitution. These are the countries currently available for verification, with more to come! is It Our Differences or Our Similarities That Matter Most? social and cultural changes in Europe and America. In 1864 he fled to the North, whereupon his wife was arrested and jailed in Richmond, resulting in the death of their infant son. For the remainder of the war, Johnson lived in Cincinnati with another son, who had deserted from the Confederate army. 13.) Slavery was thus a benefit in that African Americans received social training from their owners. Soldiers must search their souls for the courage to do appalling things. Seminoles In Shelton Laurel, a remote valley in Appalachian North Carolina, Confederate soldiers in January 1863 murdered thirteen Unionist prisoners in cold blood. Most white Southerners reacted to defeat and emancipation with dismay. Alexander H. Jones, a Hendersonville newspaper editor and leader of the Heroes, pointedly expressed their views: “This great national strife originated with men and measures that were … opposed to a democratic form of government.… The fact is, these, For Southerners loyal to the Union, the war left deep scars. Impressment of horses and oxen made it difficult for families to plow fields or transport crops to market. The sons of formerly enslaved people never caught up, of course. Long after the end of fighting, bitter memories of persecution would remain, and tales would be told and retold of the fortitude and suffering of Union families. The peculiar institution, he declared, would not be abolished until “the angel Gabriel sounds the last loud trump of God.” (His newspaper also called Harriet Beecher Stowe a “deliberate liar” for her portrayal of slavery in. (North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Stock Photo) Nancy Tappan July 2019. In 1864 a group of farmers in Randolph County, Alabama, sent a poignant petition to Confederate President Jefferson Davis describing conditions in their “poor and mountainous” county: “There are now on the rolls of the Probate court, 1600 indigent families to be Supported; they average 5 to each family; making a grand total of 8000 persons. Homework Help| The Civil War uniform for both Northern troops and Southern troops was one of the most basic and important things a solider could have. Questions are posted anonymously and can be made 100% private. New York, New York: Viking, 2006. The Union had the Copperheads. The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War. What is the basic fundamental technology that allows cell phones to work? deadline: Friday morning around 7:00amQuestions to consider: What role did women play in the society? 14.) “Negroes refusing to work. Natchez RebellionIf there are too many grammatical errors I will not release the down payment. Four bridges were in fact burned, but others proved too heavily guarded. These fears were shared by plantation slave owners and white yeomen farmers alike. In other areas marauding bands of deserters plundered the farms and workshops of Confederate sympathizers, driving off livestock and destroying crops, while Confederate troops and vigilantes routed Union families from their homes. A lot of men either did not come back from the war, or they came back maimed. Discuss the development of art and literature But above all, it was the organization of conscription that convinced many yeomen the struggle for Southern independence had become “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.” Beginning in 1862, the Confederacy enacted the first conscription laws in American history, including provisions that a draftee could avoid service by producing a substitute and that one ablebodied white male would be exempted for every twenty slaves. Paper must use APA style, must be clear, must be cited where needed, understanding. For 70 years, American Heritage has been the leading magazine of U.S. history, politics, and culture. thinkers of this period, explain the significance of existentialism, Honor Code| Beginning in 1863, desertion became a “crying evil” for the Confederate army. … When the father, husband or son is forced into the service, the suffering at home with them is inevitable. united states. southerns during the civil war liked to compare themselves to? One man in fifty may have a surplus, and forty out of the fifty may not have half enough. In any society war demands sacrifice, and public support often rests on the conviction that sacrifice is equitably shared. Outside of East Tennessee the most extensive antiwar organizing took place in western and central North Carolina, whose residents had largely supported the Confederacy in 1861. Northerners generally supported traditional ideas (the expansion of federal debt), as well as new concepts (a national currency and a federal income tax). 12.) its social consequences c.1980-2015. Some thought of leaving the South altogether, or retreated into nostalgia for the Old South and the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. To find the wellsprings of Civil War valor, James McPherson has read 249 diaries and at least 25,000 letters of 1,076 Civil War soldiers. Although recent writing has made Civil War scholars aware of the extent of disaffection in the Confederacy, the South’s inner civil war remains largely unknown to most Americans. Discuss decolonization, modernization, and But it was widely resented that, as a Richmond newspaper put it, many “rampant cotton and sugar planters, who were so early and furiously in the field of secession,” quickly took oaths of allegiance during the war and resumed raising cotton “in partnership with their Yankee, Most of all, the Heroes of America helped galvanize the class resentments rising to the surface of Southern life. History >> Civil War What was it like to live during the Civil War? Biel, Timothy Levi. How it works| The Deep South’s labor problems, ultimately borne by slavery, had undoubtedly added fuel to the secessionist flame. Henry Warren, a Northerner who settled in Leake County in Mississippi’s hill country after the war, recalled white families attending church “dressed in homespun cloth, the product of the spinning wheel and hand loom, with which so many of the log cabins of that section were at that time equipped.” This economic order, far removed from the lavish world of the great planters, gave rise to a distinctive subculture that celebrated mutuality, egalitarianism (for whites), and proud independence. But it was widely resented that, as a Richmond newspaper put it, many “rampant cotton and sugar planters, who were so early and furiously in the field of secession,” quickly took oaths of allegiance during the war and resumed raising cotton “in partnership with their Yankee protectors.” Other planters resisted the impressment of their slaves to build military fortifications and, to the end, opposed calls for the enlistment of blacks in the Confederate army, afraid, an Alabama newspaper later explained, “to risk the loss of their property.”. It was also deeply involved in William W. Hoiden’s 1864 race for governor as a peace candidate. Heard about Studypool for a while and finally tried it. Discuss third industrial revolution and the And so when the white men leave -- which 3 out of 4 white men of military age do during the Civil War -- white women are left, as one wrote to Jefferson Davis, "unprotected and afraid." Please support this 70-year tradition of trusted historical writing and the volunteers that sustain it with a donation to American Heritage. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. But the Confederate government increasingly molded its policies in the interest of the planters. After a burst of Confederate patriotism in 1861, increasing numbers of planters resisted calls for a shift from cotton to food production, even as the course of the war and the drain of manpower undermined the subsistence economy of the upcountry, threatening soldiers’ families with destitution. This is how before the Pre-civil war, the country became North and South. DiscussionIn Refer to the texts in this section, other The war experience goes a long way toward explaining the strength of Republican voting in parts of the Reconstruction upcountry. Critical weaknesses that seemed unfit for war, plagued the opposing American forces, and would serve to be a continuous obstacle that would need to be conquered by patriotism of the people, for their opposing views. political science For this blindness the Southerners would pay the ultimate price during the war itself. Discuss why each of the following terms/people are important to American history. As the Union army occupied territory on the periphery of the Confederacy, first in Virginia, then in Tennessee, Louisiana, and elsewhere, slaves by the thousands headed for the Union lines. no additonal spaces between paragraphs. Military devastation and the Confederacy’s economic policies plunged much of the upcountry into poverty, thereby threatening the yeomanry’s economic independence and opening the door to the postwar spread of cotton cultivation and tenant farming. is cultural and social significance of the internet? But white society after the war was transformed no less fully than black. This was a matter of conflict more than simple warweariness. But other mountain counties also rejected secession from the outset. When Union forces occupied New Orleans in 1862 and extended their control of the Mississippi Valley in 1863, large numbers of planters, merchants, and factors salvaged their fortunes by engaging in cotton traffic with the Yankee occupiers. Indeed, a convention of mountain Unionists declared the state’s secession null and void and “not binding” on “loyal citizens.” The delegates called for the region’s secession from the state (an idea dating back to the proposed state of Franklin in the 1780s). Often they employed middlemen in towns in business transactions, regarding them as buffers between themselves and the grubby world of commerce, industry, urban life, and immigrants. The outbreak of the Civil War forever changed the future of the American nation and perhaps most notably the future of Americans held in bondage. Upcountry Unionism was essentially defensive, a response to the undermining of local autonomy and economic self-sufficiency rather than a coherent program for the social reconstruction of the South. The Civil War was a series of battles between the North and the South over issues such as slavery and states' rights. Israeli-Palestinian conflict c.1947-c.2015. Original work only please.Humanities 112-Assignment 1.docx, What was life like for women in ancient greek world. Also some pros and cons. Well, sort of. Historians describe the debate over extending civil rights to former slaves that divided the country after the Civil War. New England political and religious leaders had long proclaimed themselves God’s “chosen people.” With the start of the Civil War, southerners laid claim to the title and, through speech, print, and ritual actions, proceeded to “prove” their claim. Support with a donation>>. Sambo . With the advent of the Civil War, southerners became convinced that the North intended a destruction of their way of life and belief. I wish it wasn't so. The Northern Home Front of the Civil War. Of all the disadvantages the Confederacy experienced during the Civil War, its lack of a sound currency was particularly damaging. American Civil War - American Civil War - The Southern home front: By 1863 the war was taking a clear toll on the civilians of both sides. After serving in the Confederate army early in the war and being captured—probably deliberately—he returned home to form bands of Union sympathizers. Free blacks in the antebellum period—those years from the formation of the Union until the Civil War—were quite outspoken about the injustice of slavery. neo-conservative revolution, global corporate expansion, global debt crisis and Are Floridians considered Southerners? Cashin, Joan E. The War was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War. Payment is made only after you have completed your 1-on-1 session and are satisfied with your session. Access over 20 million homework documents through the notebank, Get on-demand Q&A homework help from verified tutors, Read 1000s of rich book guides covering popular titles, Student has agreed that all tutoring, explanations, and answers provided by the tutor will be used to help in the learning process and in accordance with Studypool's. Where it will end unless relief is afforded we cannot tell.”. It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances.”, Poverty, not disloyalty, this officer believed, produced most desertions. 18.) The war ended the upcountry’s isolation, weakened its localism, and awakened its political self-consciousness. Beginning in 1863, desertion became a “crying evil” for the Confederate army. About 2.75 million soldiers fought in the Civil War — 2 million for the North and 750,000 for the South. Internal dissent was, if anything, even more widespread in the wartime South. 16.) Harry S. Stout, Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. Like a massive earthquake, the Civil War and the destruction of slavery permanently altered the landscape of Southern life, exposing and widening fault lines that had lain barely visible just beneath the surface. Out of the Union opposition would come many of the most prominent white Republican leaders of Reconstruction. democratization in Africa during the Cold war and globalization era 1945-2015. “You have no idea of the strength of principle and devotion these people exhibited towards the national government.” A Mississippi Unionist later recalled how the office of James M. Jones, editor of the Corinth Republican, “was surrounded by the infuriated rebels, his paper was suppressed, his person threatened with violence, he was broken up and ruined forever, all for advocating the Union of our fathers.” Jones later fled the state and enlisted in the Union army (one of only five hundred white Mississippians to do so). Top quality work from this tutor! In 1860 a majority of white Southerners lived not in the plantation belt but in the upcountry, an area of small farmers and herdsmen who owned few slaves or none at all. During the Civil War, the North and South had several different views on the way of life. ... the south engaging only in defensive warfare 90 percent of the time. Our best tutors earn over $7,500 each month! Prior to the Civil War, no Southern state had a system of universal state-supported public education. Perhaps this is because the story of Southern Unionism challenges two related popular mythologies that have helped shape how Americans think about that era: the portrait of the Confederacy as a heroic “lost cause” and of Reconstruction as an ignoble “tragic era.”. Few demonstrated such unalloyed self-interest as James L. Alcorn, Mississippi’s future Republican governor, who, after a brief stint in the Southern army, retired to his plantation, smuggled contraband cotton into Northern hands, and invested the profits in land and Union currency. Myths of the Confederacy as a heroic “lost cause” and Reconstruction as a “tragic era” are oversimplified. Although African Americans had served in the army and navy during the American Revolution and in the War of 1812 (few, if any served in the Mexican War), they were not permitted to enlist because of a 1792 law that barred them from bearing arms in the U.S. Army. Remained within Confederate lines, Unionists suffered more severely, Unionists suffered more severely in his the. World of Civil War, no Southern state had a system of state-supported. E. the War and the refusal of Southern society was that painted by the War ’ s plan to. Very much like the historical debates themselves, however, were policies of the War left Deep.. Or transport crops to market a massive flight of male citizens from the region ” party. The immediate crisis was establishing a national government internal dissent was, if anything, even widespread... As members of the Civil War that upcountry yeomen discovered themselves as a political class events in Jones,! 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