list the four categories of security threats

The bottom line is that the bonding company and the dentist came to terms, and I never heard another word about it. To make your life easier, your networking devices always should have logging enabled, and they should transfer this logging information to a central repository where you can keep an audit trail of important connections and transaction. Therefore, the solution was simple: Give only permanent employees the privileged EXEC password for the routers. These attackers don’t have authorized access to the systems. Here are the top 10 threats to information security … The list of Security threats is long and cyber criminality is real. Because less than three days had passed since the loss was inadvertently exposed, I was shocked at the coolness and speed of the reaction. Many, if not most, web sites take advantage of this technology to provide enhanced web features. You should peruse these periodically, looking for DoS attacks. TCP SYN flood attack In this … This list is not final – each organization must add their own specific threats … The Internet has many sites where the curious can select program codes, such as a virus, worm, or Trojan horse, often with instructions that can be modified or redistributed as is. With a DoS attack, a hacker attempts to deny legitimate traffic and user access to a particular resource, or, at the very least, reduce the quality of service for a resource. You can employ three different methods in combating these kinds of attacks: One of the best defenses is to train your user population. If dishonest employees steal inventory or petty cash, or set up elaborate paper-invoicing schemes, why wouldn’t they learn to use the computer systems to further their ambitions? Copyright eTutorials.org 2008-2020. The attackers are typically knowledgeable about network designs, security, access procedures, and hacking tools, and they have the ability to create scripts or applications to further their objectives. The reasons range from fear of the activity becoming public knowledge to knowing that, quite often, record-keeping systems haven’t been developed either to provide adequate evidence or to prove that the transactions, no matter how ludicrous, weren’t authorized. When executed as a DoS attack, these attacks can affect the CPU cycles, memory, disk space, or bandwidth of a networking device, such as a PC. Repudiation is a process in which you cannot prove that a transaction took place between two entities. The last item, social engineering, is probably the hacker's easiest method of gaining unauthorized access to resources in your network. However, for sensitive information, encryption should be used to protect it. If a user activates these, they can cause damage to your system or open a security hole that will allow a hacker into the networking device. As an example, if you have a network of 200.200.200.0/24, the hacker would ping 200.200.200.255. According to the FBI guidelines for workplace security, you should always take special care to address any vulnerabilities pertaining to the internal as well as external threats to save millions of dollars as a business loss. Regardless of the type of network security threat, there are different motives for executing network attacks and they are often malicious. Because Telnet passes this information in clear text, the hacker now knows how to log into the Telnet server, spoofing the identity of the user. Using this approach, a hacker can determine whether the machine is running SMTP, Telnet, FTP, WWW, or other services. Modern technology and society’s constant connection to the Internet allows more creativity in business than ever before – including the black market. Some of these affect the performance of a particular service running on a server, and some drastically can affect the performance of all the machines on a particular network segment. One of the most difficult attacks to implement is an attack on your router's routing protocols, called a rerouting attack. A hacker typically uses a protocol-analyzer tool to perform eavesdropping. Most DoS attacks use IP spoofing, which makes tracking down the hacker difficult. The UK government, for example, estimates that as many as four out of ten firms in the country came under attack in 2018. WinNuke is a program that was developed to take advantage of a bug in certain versions of Microsoft operating systems, including 95, 98, Me, XP, NT, and 2000. Packet encryption? Internal threats originate from individuals who have or have had authorized access to the network. In Information Security threats can be many like Software attacks, theft of intellectual property, identity theft, theft of equipment or information, sabotage, and information extortion. These use the MD5 hashing algorithm, which creates a unique digital signature that is added to all routing information. A packet fragmentation and reassembly attack is an ingenious attack in which a hacker sends hundreds of fragments to a destination service, hoping that the destination device will perceive these as valid connections and thus waste both buffer space and CPU cycles to process them. You also might want to configure filters to allow routing update traffic from only certain routing sources; however, if the hacker is smart about this process, he typically changes the source address to match an address that is specified in your allowed list. A hacker typically implements a reconnaissance attack that involves the use of a port scanner to discover open ports, and possibly even an eavesdropping attack, using a protocol analyzer, to see the actual traffic flow, including usernames and passwords. Sometimes a hacker downloads Java or ActiveX scripts to clients that capture web transactions?possibly even online order information such as credit card numbers?and then uses this for his own purposes. You can use many solutions to prevent session layer attacks against your user and service connections: Probably the most important is using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to encrypt information going across the connection. As an example, the hacker might cut the source device out of the picture and pretend to be the source, tricking the destination device into believing that the destination still is communicating with the original source. Spamming is the process by which you receive unsolicited e-mail. We’ve covered the history of web exploiting and the biggest exploits the world has experienced, but today we’re going back to basics — exploring and explaining the most common network security threats you may encounter while online.. As you will see in Chapter 14, Cisco recommends using AP over lock-and-key because it is more flexible, supporting Telnet, FTP, HTTP, and HTTPS for authentication. Tracing the culprit in these kinds of attacks can be difficult, especially if the hacker is using many different ISPs as the source of the attack. Eavesdropping is the process of examining packets as they are in transit between a source and destination device. a risk that which can potentially harm computer systems and organization Cisco IOS routers and the PIX firewall can work hand in hand with WebSense and N2H2. A port-scanning utility probes the port numbers of a machine to detect whether a service is running. The next section discusses some other solutions to e-mail bombs. In the US, the average cost of a cyberattack in 2017 was $22.21 million dollars. Centralizing authentication functions is discussed in Chapter 5. The last thing you want to do is to unde… With this kind of attack, the hacker basically is tying up the connection resources on a particular server. Data manipulation is simply the process of a hacker changing information. One large advantage of using an IDS is that these can detect reconnaissance attacks and probes, alerting you to the fact that possible hacking problems are looming. This list can serve as a starting point for organizations conducting a threat assessment. In some instances, the hacker can do this at the operating system level in certain versions of Linux. A sophisticated hacker even might be able to insert himself into the middle of the session, pretending to be the source to the real destination, and pretending to be the destination to the real source device. In computer security, a threat is a potential risk that develop a vulnerability to breach security and therefore cause danger. After a little research, I found this was at least the third dentist in seven years who had been scammed by the same person. With access to the right systems, a trusted employee can devastate an unsuspecting organization. All rights reserved. A skilled hacker can intercept DNS replies from servers and replace the IP addresses for the requested names with addresses of machines that the hacker controls, thus providing an easy method for ongoing session attacks. An apparently useful or amusing program, possibly a game or screensaver, but in the background it could be performing other tasks, such as deleting or changing data, or capturing passwords or keystrokes. An enhanced form of DoS attacks are Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks. For instance, if you wanted to set up a connection to a remote site, but you wanted some kind of proof of the remote site's identity, your networking device could get the digital signature of the remote site from the CA and then request the remote site's own digital signature. This type of software takes a snapshot of existing files and keeps it in a secure place (usually on a separate, secure device). It’s worth noting that the security solutions can target multiple threats, so don’t limit yourself to trying one of them if you … Cisco calls this mirroring process SPAN, short for switched port analyzer. You can use something as simple as ACLs on a Cisco router, or you can use a firewall system such as the PIX or the Cisco IOS Firewall feature set available on Cisco routers. A worm working with an e-mail system can mail copies of itself to every address in the e-mail system address book. A hacker sends a single ICMP message with an offset field indicating that the data is larger than 65,535 bytes. Now that you understand the basic components of a security threat, this section covers how security threats are categorized. Remember, the difference between an unstructured attack and a series of all-out denial-of-service attacks might be that the latter attacker is offended or angry. Or, if you are smart, you will use a system that parses the logs and does all of this work for you. Even if the machine does not crash, the hacker is tying up buffer space, which prevents legitimate traffic from being processed. The most common method of stopping networking and port-scanning attacks is to use filtering devices. Authentication proxy (AP) is the preferred method of authenticating users and is discussed in Chapter 14, "Authentication Proxy." Either they are logic attacks or resource attacks. The networking department did not want to have to change all of the privileged EXEC passwords on the routers every time a contractor left the company. Each of these results can be quantified in currency and often result in large numbers if and when the perpetrator is prosecuted. You might think that executing this type of attack would be very complicated; however, some protocols, such as TCP, are fairly predictable, especially in their use of sequence numbers for TCP segments. With a DDoS attack, a hacker subverts or controls multiple sources and uses these sources to attack one or more destinations. Cisco IOS routers have two features: Lock-and-key access control lists (ACLs) and authentication proxy. The majority of security professionals group the various threats to network security in one of two significant categories. Host-based firewalls are discussed in more depth in Chapter 2. I use this tool a lot when examining networks to see what services are running, which is helpful in determining whether devices are exposed. For a cybersecurity expert, the Oxford Dictionary definition of cyber threat is a little For application security, if your applications support additional security mechanisms, you definitely should implement them. If the hacker can compromise both a PC and the switch connected to the PC, the hacker can set up port mirroring, to have the switch mirror traffic from other ports to the port of the compromised PC. However, lock-and-key also works over nondialup links. Masquerading is an attack method that a hacker uses to hide his identity. Generally, a virus is a program or a piece of code that is loaded onto and run on your computer without your knowledge. Unstructured attacks involving code that reproduces itself and mails a copy to everyone in the person’s e-mail address book can easily circle the globe in a few hours, causing problems for networks and individuals all over the world. Many scanning tools are available?freeware, shareware, and commercial. An example of this attack is discussed earlier in the chapter in the "Unstructured and Structured Threats" section and in Figure 1-2. An unsophisticated hacker typically sends large messages to your e-mail server, hoping to fill up the disk space and crash it. Hackers sometimes send garbage data to this port, hoping that your resource will process this information and thus take away CPU cycles from other legitimate processes on the resource. One of my favorites, GFI's LANguard Network Security Scanner, is a feature-rich network-scanner tool. In this type of attack, a hacker tries to feed your routers with either bad routing information that will cause your packets to be routed to a dead end, or misinformation that will cause your packets to be routed back to the hacker so that he can perform eavesdropping and use this information to execute another attack. Unfortunately, WPS security … They could appear on all four exams. It comes with a 30-day trial, after which certain features are disabled unless you purchase the full version. This list of threats and vulnerabilities can serve as a help for implementing risk assessment within the framework of ISO 27001 or ISO 22301. Many different views actually exist regarding the definition of these three types of attacks. When this bug was discovered, for a period of two or three days, many companies were disconnecting their connection to the Internet to prevent hackers and curious people from bringing down their resources. Besides reconnaissance attacks, the second most common form of security threat and attack is the DoS attack. The most common are hacktivism, extortion, cyber warfare, business feuds… I discuss this issue in more depth in Chapter 17, "DoS Protection.". Structured attacks are more likely to be motivated by something other than curiosity or showing off to one’s peers. If there is a difference between the two, you might be a victim of a data-manipulation attack. Many programs are available on the Internet to perform this process, including Hping (http://www.hping.org/) and Nemesis (http://www.packetfactory.net/Projects/nemesis/), as well as others. Code Red and Nimda are examples of high-profile worms that have caused significant damage in recent years. After a hacker has broken into one of your networking devices, he usually tries to raise his privilege level to the highest possible degree and then uses this account to break into other networking devices. Many commercial products on the market help deal with spamming. Performing these tasks on a Cisco router is discussed in Chapter 4. Because there are literally hundreds of DoS attacks, the following list is limited to some of the most common ones: An application attack is simply an attack against an application running on a server. Of course, a network scan tells the hacker only that there are machines in your network with a configured IP address; it does not tell what services are running on these machines. This form of attack is called graffiti. The targeted system could have been detected through some random search process, or it might have been selected specifically. In an access attack, a hacker attempts to gain unauthorized or illegal access to your network and its resources, particularly resources such as file, e-mail, and web servers. With social engineering, a hacker calls various users in your network, pretending to be a network administrator. 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For encryption of Cisco IOS routers have two features: lock-and-key access control lists or list the four categories of security threats firewall! Skills on the hacker is tying up buffer space, which is an not...

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